Kilmainham Gaol is a prison that was built in Dublin in 1786 and was in use from 1796 to 1924. It was connected to the courthouse, and originally prisoners sentenced to death were hanged directly outside the building’s entrance. Conditions were notoriously poor, especially during the Irish Famine, when overcrowding became a major problem as starving individuals turned to crime in order to feed themselves and their families. Kilmainham Gaol was also used during this period as a temporary prison for men, women, and children who were later transported to Australia. It has a special place in the history of Irish Independence, as almost all leaders of nationalist movements (from Robert Emmet to Charles Stewart Parnell, the Pearse brothers, James Connolly, Constance Markievicz, and Éamon de Valera) were imprisoned there. 14 of the leaders of the 1916 Easter Rising were executed by firing squad in the prison yard in places that are today marked by memorials. It was then used to house prisoners during the Irish Civil War. Despite its importance as a monument, the prison was allowed to fall into disrepair after it closed in 1924. However, in the late 1950s, a volunteer movement sought to restore the prison and turn it into a museum.The museum opened in 1966, in the year of the 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising, but the final areas of the prison were only completed in 1971 with the refurbishment of the chapel. In 1986, the Gaol was handed over to the Office of Public Works, which manages the museum today.