A long history of injustice
Since the 17th century, the island has repeatedly been used as a prison, as escape is virtually impossible due to the strong current in the sea. First European colonialists used the island for prisoners, but also in the 19th century as a hospital for people who were considered socially unfit because of mental illness. However, the high-security prison that operated on the island from 1961 to 1991 became particularly infamous.Escape during the colonial era
Only one person managed to escape from this prison twice: David Stuurman, one of the first political prisoners on Robben Island. The revolutionary, now celebrated as a hero, was considered problematic by the colonial regime, which is why he was imprisoned in 1809, and again in 1820 after his first escape. After Sturman managed his second escape, the British colonialists had him transported to a prison in Australia, where he died after his release. In 2021, Port Elizabeth Airport was renamed Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport. Political oppression
Robben Island got its fearsome reputation during apartheid, the period of so-called 'racial segregation' in South Africa during the 20th century. Anyone who actively rebelled against the racist social order was taken to the camps on the island and imprisoned. Thus, there were mainly political prisoners in the prison. They had to perform hard labor in the quarries and lived in inhumane conditions.A formative time for Nelson Mandela
The most famous prisoner was undoubtedly the later South African president and Nobel Peace Prize winner Nelson Mandela. Not only did Mandela already begin writing his memoirs on Robben Island. Through his commitment, he managed to improve the living situation in the prison with the solidarity of his fellow prisoners. Thus, after successful protests, the prisoners were allowed to study on site, which is why the prison was later given the unofficial name 'Mandela University'. In Mandela's later government, eleven other members were former prisoners on Robben Island. Museum and UNESCO World Heritage Site
Beginning in the 1990s, apartheid in South Africa finally saw its end and political prisoners were released from Robben Island. In 1996, South Africa officially made the island a national museum, and since 1999, Robben Island has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This is because, according to UNESCO, the site symbolizes the triumph of the human spirit, freedom and democracy over oppression.Evaluation until today
The Robben Island Museum archives several contemporary documents to this day and handles them scientifically. The different archives possess a huge catalog of time-historical photos, interviews with prisoners, works of art against apartheid, films, and also historical objects from the prison, like prisoner clothes and other utensils.