History of horror
As early as 1940, Auschwitz I was established as a concentration camp for political prisoners, while the larger Auschwitz-Birkenau II camp was built in 1941 as a labor and extermination camp. Up to 125,000 people could be imprisoned in the latter; however, most were immediately killed in the gas chambers and burned in the crematoria immediately upon arrival. Not only did over 1 million Jews meet a horrible death at the hands of Nazi mass murder, but hundreds of thousands of Sinti, Roma, Poles and homosexuals also died here. Those who were not murdered in the gas chambers often died from mistreatment or malnutrition. On January 27, 1945, the camp was liberated by the Red Army.A difficult history of coming to terms
Criminal prosecution and social discourse about the Holocaust in Germany proceeded slowly at first and with few successes. In total, only 800 of the estimated 8,000 SS personnel who served at Auschwitz were eventually convicted. The main war criminals were sentenced at Nuremberg after the end of the war, however, the complicity of the wider population became taboo. It was not until the 1960s that the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials took place, in part to the work of Attorney General Fritz Bauer. The first trials in 1963 were to last a full 20 months, ending mostly in guilty verdicts and confronting Germany with its immediate Nazi past. In Germany two more trials followed, as well as follow-up trials. The Austrian Auschwitz trials in Vienna, in turn, ended in 1972 with two acquittals amid little attention.
Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp | Dieglop CC BY-SA 4.0Memorial and Museum
Already in 1947, two years after the end of the war, a resolution of the Polish Parliament established the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Today, many of the exhibitions are located in the Auschwitz I camp, but one should also visit Auschwitz II. The crematoria were destroyed by the Nazis shortly before the camp was liberated, but the remains are still visible today, as are the railroad tracks and freight cars in which the victims were deported. Conflicts over the museum's design arose during the Cold War, but the permanent exhibit has maintained its basic form since Stalin's death in 1955. All nations from which victims of the Holocaust originated were given the opportunity to create their own memorials since 1960. Since 1979, the site has officially been part of UNESCO's World Heritage List as historical evidence of Nazi Germany's industrial mass murder.
Auschwitz-Birkenau entrance | xiquinhosilva CC BY 2.0The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum today
As early as 1955, the permanent exhibition was opened within the blocks 4, 5, 6, 7 and 11 of the former Auschwitz I camp. Lists of victims' names, photographs, copies of files from the camp and historical objects are on display here. Other exhibits describe the process of arrival at the camp and depict living quarters and the camp's prison. Likewise, the museum presents a courtyard where executions took place and a gas chamber. In addition to its educational mission, the museum is also committed to historical research and the preservation of the site and its historical objects.