Ancient Rithymna and the first layers
The area was inhabited long before the postcard Old Town existed. Finds point to human presence after the Minoan period, and ancient Rithymna flourished in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC; on Paleokastro Hill, the later Fortezza stands where the old acropolis and a sanctuary of Artemis were located. It gives the fortress view a deeper echo.
Venetian power and the Fortezza
After Crete came under Venetian control in 1211, Rethymno's harbor grew into a useful mercantile point. The city expanded, was re-fortified in 1540, and was burned in 1571 by the forces of Ouloutz-Ali. The answer was the Fortezza, built from 1573 to 1580 as a star-shaped hilltop defense with gates, ramparts, cisterns, barracks, and commanding sea views.
Ottoman reuse in the city center
Rethymno fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1646, and many buildings changed roles rather than disappearing. The church of Saint Nicolo inside the Fortezza became the mosque of Sultan Ibraim Han, the Loggia also served as a mosque, and Neratze Mosque keeps the city’s layered skyline legible even today.
Modern Crete inside old walls
The later story is just as important for the atmosphere. Russian forces occupied Rethymno after 1897 and left in 1907, Crete unified with Greece in 1913, and population exchange reshaped the city in 1924. Today, students, summer visitors, festivals, museums, and tavern life keep the Old Town from feeling frozen.